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Pericles' Funeral Oration
Pericles' Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides' ''History of the Peloponnesian War''.〔Thucydides, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', 2.34-2.46. Greek (text ) and English (translation ) thereof available online at the Perseus Project.〕 The speech was delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead.
==Background==
(詳細はThucydides, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', 2.34.1-6. See also Plato, ''Menexenus''.〕 The remains of the dead〔The bodies of the dead were cremated soon after death. The bones were kept for the funeral at the end of the year.〕 were left out for three days in a tent, where offerings could be made for the dead. Then a funeral procession was held, with ten cypress coffins carrying the remains, one for each of the Athenian tribes, and another for the remains that could not be identified. The procession led to a public grave (at the Kerameikos), where they were buried. The last part of the ceremony was a speech delivered by a prominent Athenian citizen.
Several funeral orations from classical Athens are still extant, which seem to corroborate Thucydides' assertion that this was a regular feature of Athenian funerary custom in wartime.〔The funeral orations of Lysias, Demosthenes, and Hyperides. Additionally Plato authored a possibly satirical version of a funeral oration, the ''Menexenus''.〕
The ''Funeral Oration'' was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his ''History of the Peloponnesian War''. Although Thucydides records the speech in the first person as if it were a word for word record of what Pericles said, there can be little doubt that he edited the speech at the very least. Thucydides says early in his ''History'' that the speeches presented are not verbatim records, but are intended to represent the main ideas of what was said and what was, according to Thucydides, "called for in the situation".〔Thucydides, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', 1.22.1.〕 We can be reasonably sure that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war, but there is no consensus as to what degree Thucydides' record resembles Pericles' actual speech.〔The bibliography on this topic is enormous. See , 〕 Another confusing factor is that Pericles is known to have delivered another funeral oration in 440 BC during the Samian War.〔Plutarch, ''Pericles'', 28.4.〕 It is possible that elements of both speeches are represented in Thucydides's version. Nevertheless Thucydides was extremely meticulous in his documentation, and records the varied certainty of his sources each time. Significantly he begins recounting the speech by saying: "Περικλῆς ὁ Ξανθίππου ... ἔλεγε ''τοιάδε''", i.e. "Pericles, son of Xanthippos, spoke ''like'' this". Had he quoted the speech verbatim, he would have written "''τάδε''" ("this", or "these words") instead of "''τοιάδε''" ("like this" or "words like these"). The most likely possibility therefore is that Thucydides writes from his own memory of the event, in which case verbatim quotation is doubtful, though it is likely that Pericles' emblematic points have been faithfully recorded.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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